Biology

Book

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

Journal Article

Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):inclusive pages.

Add DOI at end if online version 

(follow professor's guidelines)

Newspaper Article

Author(s). Year. Title of article. Title of newspaper (edition). Section:beginning page of article (column no.).

Conference Proceedings

Editor(s). Date. Title of work. Number and name of conference; date of conference; place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher. 

Dissertations and theses

Author(s). Date. Title of dissertation or thesis [content designator]. Place of publication: Publisher. 

Patents

Author(s), inventors; patent holder, assignee. Date. Title of patent. Country issuing the patent country code patent number.

Websites and home pages

Title of Homepage. Date of publication. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; [date updated; accessed date]. URL.

Online Video

Title of video [descriptive word, episode number if applicable]. Date first aired or posted. Title of program. Producer. Length. [accessed date]. URL. 

Social Networking Sites

Page/User/Group name. Network [descriptive word for page type, post type]. Date and time posted if available. [accessed date]. URL.

For more than 50 years the Council of Science Editors has provided recommendations on writing style and citation. The 8th ed. includes guidelines on copyright, scientific writing conventions, and reference recommendations for podcasts, blogs, and social networks. 

References have two important roles:

1. To credit the published works that have contributed to the current research/paper
2. To give everyone the information to identify and locate these works

The Name-Year format, or Harvard system, uses in-text references to the author(s) surnames/year in the body of a work. The end references are in alphabetical order by authors names. 

For online material include a link (doi, etc.) to the material. 

CSE does not specify any one typeface, or elements such as bolding/italics. Some publications may choose to add such style but it is not required.  

In text citations should be near the material used - they can be in the middle or end. 

Guard Call, given by both sexes, a series of slow, whistled notes, falling rapidly in pitch (3.8 to about 2 kHz); Y. Prevost (in Cramp and Simmons 1980b) suggested these sound like a whistling kettle taken rapidly off a stove (tiooop, tioooop, tiooop). 

Numbers of breeders fell to 10% of pre-DDT levels (Spitzer 1980), and eggshell thickness in 15 eggs from 2 areas in New Jersey in 1970–1974 was 12 and 19% below pre-1947 means with DDE levels averaging 14 and 16 ppm wet weight, respectively (range 6.5–40; Wiemeyer et al. 1978). 

Books

Clark, WS, Wheeler BK. 1987. A Field Guide to Hawks of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Cramp S, Simmons KEL. 1980. "Osprey." In The birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 2: hawks to bustards, 265-277. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press.

Articles

Johnson DR, Melquist WE, Fleming TL. 2008. Rainstorm effects on osprey brood survival. J Raptor Res. 42(1):51-3. https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-07-14.1

Hilbers JP, Hoondert RPJ, Schipper AM, Huijbregts MAJ. 2018. Using field data to quantify chemical impacts on wildlife population viability. Ecol Appl. 28(3):771-85. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eap.1685

Pyle P, Saracco JF, DeSante DF. 2018. Evidence of widespread movements from breeding to molting grounds by North American landbirds. Auk 135:506-520. https://doi.org/10.1642/AUK-17-201.1

Websites

New Jersey Osprey Project. 2018. Viriginia; Center for Conservation Biology; [accessed 2019 Mar 5]. http://www.osprey-watch.org/monitoring_groups/3. 

Social Media

New Jersey Osprey Network. Facebook. [organization page, links to webcams] 2019 Mar 4 9:10 AM [accessed 2019 Mar 5] https://www.facebook.com/njospreyproject/.