| Authors |
- Researchers or professionals in the discipline
- Authors identified
- Credentials and institutional affiliation provided
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- Journalists or writers
- Authors may or may not be identified
- May or may not be subject specialists
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| Audience |
- Scholars, researchers, and students
|
|
| Content |
- Detailed reports, often of original research
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- General coverage of current topics or popular interests
- May include personal opinions (editorials)
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| Language |
- Written in the jargon of the discipline for scholarly readers
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- Written in non-technical language for anyone to understand
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| Organization |
- Tend to be longer
- Often include abstracts, objectives, literature reviews, methodologies, results, and conclusions
- Non-text elements often limited to tables, charts, or illustrations of subjects
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- Tend to be shorter; some only 1 or 2 pages long
- Could include illustrations with glossy or color photographs, often for advertising purposes
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| Publisher |
- Professional organization, university, research institute, or scholarly press
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- Commercial publishers or companies
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| References |
- Always have bibliographies and citations
- Most have an extensive list of references
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- Typically lack references and bibliographies
- If present, may be few in number
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| Review |
- Articles may be peer-reviewed or refereed
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- Articles are selected by an editor (not peer-reviewed)
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| Other |
- Tend to be plain in design, without advertisements
- Issues tend to be successively numbered
- Issues tend to be published less often (monthly, quarterly, semi-annually)
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- Tend to include color photos, advertisements, graphics, etc.
- Each issue tends to begin with page 1
- Issues tend to be published more frequently (monthly, weekly, daily)
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| Examples |
- Journal of Environmental Science
- The Chaucer Review
- Journal of Social Work
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- Newsweek
- Harper's
- New York Times
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